Urban climatic map studies in Singapore

Urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon has become a topical concern in many major cities worldwide (Oke and East, 1971; Padmanabhamurty, 1991; Sani 1991; Akbari et al., 1992; Eliasson, 1996; Giridharan et al., 2004) including Singapore (Wong and Chen, 2009). This phenomenon is aggravated due to several factors, such as the loss of greenery area for the purpose of urban development, low wind velocity due high building density, and changes of surface coating materials (Takahashi et al., 2004).