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Effectiveness of Area-to-Value Legends and Grid Lines in Contiguous Area Cartograms

journal contribution
posted on 2023-09-15, 19:39 authored by Kelvin L. T. Fung, Simon T. Perrault, Michael Thorsten GastnerMichael Thorsten Gastner

A contiguous area cartogram is a geographic map in which the area of each region is proportional to numerical data (e.g., population size) while keeping neighboring regions connected. In this study, we investigated whether value-to-area legends (square symbols next to the values represented by the squares' areas) and grid lines aid map readers in making better area judgments. We conducted an experiment to determine the accuracy, speed, and confidence with which readers infer numerical data values for the mapped regions. We found that, when only informed about the total numerical value represented by the whole cartogram without any legend, the distribution of estimates for individual regions was centered near the true value with substantial spread. Legends with grid lines significantly reduced the spread but led to a tendency to underestimate the values. Comparing differences between regions or between cartograms revealed that legends and grid lines slowed the estimation without improving accuracy. However, participants were more likely to complete the tasks when legends and grid lines were present, particularly when the area units represented by these features could be interactively selected. We recommend considering the cartogram's use case and purpose before deciding whether to include grid lines or an interactive legend.

Funding

Ministry of Education, Singapore, Academic Research Fund Tier 2 programme (award number MOE-T2EP20221-0007)

Ministry of Education, Singapore, Academic Research Fund Tier 1 programme (Grant IG18-PRB104, R-607-000-401-114)

History

Journal/Conference/Book title

IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics

Publication date

2023-05-15

Version

  • Pre-print

Rights statement

K. Fung, S. Perrault and M. Gastner, "Effectiveness of Area-to-Value Legends and Grid Lines in Contiguous Area Cartograms" in IEEE Transactions on Visualization & Computer Graphics, vol. , no. 01, pp. 1-18, 5555. doi: 10.1109/TVCG.2023.3275925

Sub-Item type

  • Magazine article

Corresponding author

Michael T. Gastner

Project ID

  • 14612 (R-R22-A405-0003) Designing mobile-friendly cartograms for visualising geospatial data

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